{"id":31203,"date":"2026-09-09T11:49:35","date_gmt":"2026-09-09T10:49:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.uhy-fay.com\/?p=31203"},"modified":"2026-09-09T11:59:40","modified_gmt":"2026-09-09T10:59:40","slug":"fraudulent-evasion-criminal-code-ethics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.uhy-fay.com\/en\/blog\/fraudulent-evasion-criminal-code-ethics\/","title":{"rendered":"A Code of Ethics Alone Does Not Protect the Company"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 data-path-to-node=\"6\">The Requirement of &#8220;Fraudulent Evasion&#8221; under Article 31 bis of the Criminal Code<\/h2>\n<p id=\"p-rc_6d3bfd7918acc6e6-50\" data-path-to-node=\"8\"><span data-path-to-node=\"8,0\">Article 31 bis 2 (3) of the Spanish Criminal Code requires, as a condition for exempting a company from criminal liability, that the offense be committed by fraudulently evading the organization and management model<\/span><span data-path-to-node=\"8,2\">. This phrasing is far from rhetorical: for genuine &#8220;evasion&#8221; to occur, there must be an actual system to evade<\/span><span data-path-to-node=\"8,4\">. Furthermore, &#8220;fraudulent&#8221; implies that the offender had to deploy active maneuvers, deceit, or deliberate effort to bypass a control that otherwise would have been effective<\/span><span data-path-to-node=\"8,6\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"p-rc_6d3bfd7918acc6e6-51\" data-path-to-node=\"9\"><span data-path-to-node=\"9,0\">If a company\u2019s only existing instrument is a standalone code of ethics lacking associated controls, effective oversight, verification channels, or real disciplinary consequences, there is nothing for the offender to &#8220;evade&#8221;<\/span><span data-path-to-node=\"9,2\">. The individual simply operated in an environment where no actual monitoring took place<\/span><span data-path-to-node=\"9,4\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 data-path-to-node=\"10\">A Practical Example: Real Controls vs. Paper Policies<\/h2>\n<p id=\"p-rc_6d3bfd7918acc6e6-53\" data-path-to-node=\"12\"><span data-path-to-node=\"12,0\">Consider two companies sharing the exact same internal policy, which mandates verifying any intermediary or commercial agent prior to paying a commission<\/span><span data-path-to-node=\"12,2\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul data-path-to-node=\"13\">\n<li>\n<p id=\"p-rc_6d3bfd7918acc6e6-54\" data-path-to-node=\"13,0,0\"><span data-path-to-node=\"13,0,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"13,0,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Company A<\/b> translates this policy into an operational procedure: the employee handling the payment must complete a due diligence questionnaire regarding the intermediary and obtain approval from an independent second reviewer before funds are released<\/span><span data-path-to-node=\"13,0,0,2\">. If an employee intends to pay a fictitious agent to divert funds, they must forge the questionnaire or falsify that second signature<\/span><span data-path-to-node=\"13,0,0,4\">. In doing so, they have fraudulently evaded a real control by deceiving the system<\/span><span data-path-to-node=\"13,0,0,6\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p id=\"p-rc_6d3bfd7918acc6e6-55\" data-path-to-node=\"13,1,0\"><span data-path-to-node=\"13,1,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"13,1,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Company B<\/b> maintains the same policy on paper, but it is never enforced: there is no questionnaire, no dual authorization, and no review process<\/span><span data-path-to-node=\"13,1,0,2\">. If an employee approves the exact same fraudulent payment here, no control has been evaded because no operational control existed in practice<\/span><span data-path-to-node=\"13,1,0,4\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p id=\"p-rc_6d3bfd7918acc6e6-56\" data-path-to-node=\"14\"><span data-path-to-node=\"14,0\">Only Company A can successfully invoke the liability exemption<\/span><span data-path-to-node=\"14,2\">. Company B, despite having identical written policies, cannot<\/span><span data-path-to-node=\"14,4\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 data-path-to-node=\"15\">What Separates a Document from a System<\/h2>\n<p id=\"p-rc_6d3bfd7918acc6e6-58\" data-path-to-node=\"17\"><span data-path-to-node=\"17,0\">Jurisprudence and legal doctrine consistently agree that measures under Article 31 bis must be genuinely suitable to prevent or significantly reduce risk, rather than serving as mere behavioral guidelines<\/span><span data-path-to-node=\"17,2\">. This requires, at minimum, four core elements that an isolated code of ethics cannot provide on its own<\/span><span data-path-to-node=\"17,4\">:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol start=\"1\" data-path-to-node=\"18\">\n<li>\n<p id=\"p-rc_6d3bfd7918acc6e6-59\" data-path-to-node=\"18,0,0\"><span data-path-to-node=\"18,0,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"18,0,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Active, non-self-declarative verification:<\/b> Compliance must be verified by designated personnel rather than relying on trust<\/span><span data-path-to-node=\"18,0,0,2\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p id=\"p-rc_6d3bfd7918acc6e6-60\" data-path-to-node=\"18,1,0\"><span data-path-to-node=\"18,1,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"18,1,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Traceability:<\/b> Documented approvals, logs, and dated protocols that allow ex-post reconstruction of the specific controls in place when the event occurred<\/span><span data-path-to-node=\"18,1,0,2\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p id=\"p-rc_6d3bfd7918acc6e6-61\" data-path-to-node=\"18,2,0\"><span data-path-to-node=\"18,2,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"18,2,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Enforceable disciplinary consequences:<\/b> An active, not merely written, disciplinary regime that attaches real consequences to non-compliance<\/span><span data-path-to-node=\"18,2,0,2\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p id=\"p-rc_6d3bfd7918acc6e6-62\" data-path-to-node=\"18,3,0\"><span data-path-to-node=\"18,3,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"18,3,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">An empowered supervisory body:<\/b> An internal oversight body with the authority and autonomy to act independently of those it supervises, rather than merely receiving reports<\/span><span data-path-to-node=\"18,3,0,2\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p id=\"p-rc_6d3bfd7918acc6e6-63\" data-path-to-node=\"19\"><span data-path-to-node=\"19,0\">Without these four components, arguing &#8220;fraudulent evasion&#8221; before a court becomes practically unsustainable<\/span><span data-path-to-node=\"19,2\">: one cannot fraudulently evade a mechanism that never had the actual capacity to prevent anything in the first place<\/span><span data-path-to-node=\"19,4\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2 data-path-to-node=\"20\">Conclusion: Necessary, but Not Sufficient<\/h2>\n<p id=\"p-rc_6d3bfd7918acc6e6-65\" data-path-to-node=\"22\"><span data-path-to-node=\"22,0\">In summary, a code of ethics serves a necessary but insufficient purpose: it establishes the expected standard of conduct, but cannot enforce it on its own<\/span><span data-path-to-node=\"22,2\">. Without verifying controls, an autonomous supervisory body, and real consequences for breaches, a code remains mere paper rather than a<a href=\"https:\/\/www.uhy-fay.com\/en\/services\/compliance-english\/\"> preventive management model under Article 31 bis<\/a><\/span><span data-path-to-node=\"22,4\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p id=\"p-rc_6d3bfd7918acc6e6-66\" data-path-to-node=\"23\"><span data-path-to-node=\"23,0\">When evaluated before a tribunal, the determining factor will never be whether the company possessed a code of ethics, but whether that code ever functioned as a real operational control<\/span><span data-path-to-node=\"23,2\">.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The Requirement of &#8220;Fraudulent Evasion&#8221; under Article 31 bis of the Criminal Code Article 31 bis 2 (3) of the Spanish Criminal Code requires, as a condition for exempting a company from criminal liability, that the offense be committed by fraudulently evading the organization and management model. This phrasing is far from rhetorical: for genuine&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":31201,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[82],"tags":[131,293,294,295,296,297,298,299,300,301],"class_list":["post-31203","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-compliance-2","tag-criminal-compliance","tag-article-31-bis-spanish-criminal-code","tag-fraudulent-evasion","tag-code-of-ethics","tag-corporate-criminal-liability-exemption","tag-management-and-organizational-models","tag-operational-controls","tag-supervisory-body","tag-traceability","tag-disciplinary-framewor"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Fraudulent Evasion &amp; Criminal Code: Limits of a Code of Ethics | UHY Fay &amp; Co<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A code of ethics without operational controls does not grant criminal liability exemption under Art. 31 bis of the Spanish Criminal Code.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.uhy-fay.com\/en\/blog\/fraudulent-evasion-criminal-code-ethics\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Fraudulent Evasion &amp; 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